The lithographic printing process is very versatile and used to produce a wide range of printed matter. The bulk of this falls into two main categories (i) publication and (ii) packaging. In commercial practice, most lithographic printing is accomplished by an offset process, that is by transferring the image from the plate to an intermediate […]

Mainline loading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is either done manually or mechanically. Methods currently practised by estates include: manual loading Net system loading (KULIM system) Platform ramp loading High-lift infield trailer loading Huka/Hook-lift concept loading In some of these loading systems, for example manual, net and platform ramp loading, the FFB are […]

The oil palm industry in Malaysia is producing more than 30 million tonnes of cellulosic materials from oil palm fronds (OPF), empty fruit bunches (EFB) and felled trunk (OPT) each year. The availability of oil palm biomass amounts to seven times the total wood used in Malaysia. Therefore, the wood-based industry should consider using more […]

Malaysia has more than 3.01 million hectares under oil palm cultivation in 1998. Besides producing palm and kernel oils, the industry also generates more than 30 million tonnes annually of biomass (EFB) and trunks (OPT) in harvesting, processing and replanting the crop, respectively. About two fronds are pruned from each palm per month during harvesting […]

The paper industry use large and expensive equipment. For example, the cost of a single paper machine complex runs close to US$300 million and a fully-integrated bleached kraft pulp and paper mill costs almost US$1.5 billion. Such capital requirements for the construction of a conventional pulp mill has caused many investigators to take a fresh […]