Hair grows from a bulb which consists of the dermal papolla and the hair matrix. The structure of hair is shown in Figure 1. Below the surface of hair is the hair root, which is enclosed within a hair dollicle. At the base of the hair follicle is the dermal papilla. The dermal papilla is […]

Crude glycerin of 75% to 85% is the major by-product from biodiesel plant. With the existing markets for glycerol, any increade in biodiesel production would indirectly skyrocket the glycerol supply. Moreover, the refining process and logistics of glycerol distribution will contribute to an increase in investment cost. Over the recent years, MPOB has developed a […]

Deodorant is one of the most common personal hygiene products used in the household. Liquid deodorants are applied to the body, especially to the underarms, to eliminate body odour caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration. Deodorant are classified as over-the-counter (OTC) medicated cosmetics by the US Food and Drug Adminidtration (FDA). Many deodorants are alcohol-based. Alcohol initially […]

Oil losses occur at various stages of milling, particularly at the sterilizer station and oil recovery station. It is estimated that the oil content in the sterilizer condensate and sludge/ decanter is about 0.16% and 0.46% of the fresh fruit bunches (FFB), respectively (Othman and Ng, 2003). These two sludges are mixed and normally refereed […]

The cold soak filterability test (CSFT) was introduced as one of the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D6751-09a specifications in 2009. This requirement is mandatory for all biodiesel sold and used as blending stock in the USA. The Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), through commercial experiences and know how of the characteristic of […]