The pesticides used in oil palm plantations are mainly herbicides and insecticides. As herbicides are relatively cheap, they have become the most cost-effective mode of weed control. Herbicides are regularly applied to immature oil palm especially palms less than eight years old when the canopy is less dense. Fluroxypyr is one of the commonly used […]

Glufosinate ammonium is the common name for ammonium-2-amino –4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butanoate C5 H15NO4 P, sold commercially as Basta. The structure is shown in Figure 1. The crystals are colourless with a melting point of 216°C. The molecular weight is 198.16 and solubility 1370 mg litre-1 and 0.16 mg litre-1 at 20°C in water and acetone, respectively. Main […]

Based on ASTM D 4052. A small volume of the biodiesel sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is used in conjunction with the calibration data to determine the density of the sample. Main Research: Yung Chee Liang 

Based on ASTM D 445. The kinematic viscosity is the time taken by a volume of sample (liquid form) to flow under gravity through a calibrated glass capillary viscometer. The unit is in mm2 s-1. Main Research: Yung Chee Liang 

Based on ASTM D 93 and using a PenskyMartens closed cup tester. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which an ignition source ignites the vapours from the sample under the specified conditions of the test. Main Research: Yung Chee Liang