Transparent soaps are a specialty product. They are also called glycerine soaps due to the incorporation of glycerine to confer transparency, enhance the appearance and ease the soap making process. Furthermore, it gives conditioning effects to the skin. ‘Transparent’ implies the property of light transmission without undue scattering, so that objects placed behind a transparent soap […]

Soap is the general name given to the products of the reaction between a fatty acid and an alkali. Fatty acids are obtained from triglycerides (fat or oil) of either animal or vegetable origin. In soap making, the fatty acids used are the C16-C18 and C12-C14 fractions as the soaps made from them have effi cient […]

Microemulsions are normally isotropic (clear), have very small droplets (~8-100 nm), low in viscosity and thermodynamically stable solutions. In contrast, the ordinary emulsions are milky white dispersions with higher viscosity, with droplets of >0.5 µm and only kinetically stable. Thus, the unique properties of microemulsions have generated great interest for use in high value products. Microemulsions […]

The productivity of conventional cultures in liquid media is limited due to the size of fl asks or shakers used. The MPOB Fast Transfer Technique (MoFaTT) (Tarmizi and Zaiton, 2005) allows cultures in less than 300 ml working volume of medium while the Two-in-One MPOB Simple Impeller (2-in-1 MoSLIM) and Simple Impeller with Fast Transfer Technique […]

There are various strategies that plants use in response to water deficit, they include: (1) avoidance of damaging water deficits; (2) stress-tolerance adaptations that enable the plant to continue functioning in spite of plant water deficits; and (3) mechanisms that enable the plant to optimize the use of water for dry matter production (Clifton-Brown and […]