The major applications of a solvent are removal of coating (e.g. paints, varnishes), greases, oils and printing inks as well as industrial cleaners. However, most of the conventional cleaning agents are derived from petroleum, which are usually associated with occupational health risks and environment problems. Many conventional chlorinated, fluorocarbon and petroleum industrial solvents have been […]

Spent bleaching clay is a by-product of the palm oil refining industry. It is estimated that about 100 000 t or more of clay are utilized yearly in the refining process. In Malaysia, spent bleaching clay (SBC) is commonly disposed at landfills. However, such method of disposal has become increasingly unacceptable due to the potential […]

The global concern on environmental issues and the fast depletion of the fossil fuel resulting from the rapid industrialization of new nations have TTimposed a great strain on the developed countries to find alternate sources of fuels that are environmental friendly as well as nondepleting. The use of renewable energy (RE) for heating and power generation […]

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are a by-product produced in huge quantities by the palm oil mills. About 65% of EFB is either incinerated for bunch ash or recycled back to the plantation as mulching or used as solid fuel in the boilers to generate steam and electricity for the mills. According to Zin […]

The majority of goats in this country are reared by smallholders for their meat. Most of these goats roam freely in the plantations and few are integrated with the crops using workable system. There are only 58 commercial goat farms in the country and only four of them rear dairy goat for milking. The dairy […]