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The sample is diluted with kerosene using a 1:1 weight ratio. The resulting solution is directly injected into the plasma of the ICP OES spectrometer (Figure 1), and the content of Na, K, Ca and Mg is calculated with reference to a set of calibration solutions prepared. The wavelengths for the analysis of Na, K, … Read more

The biodiesel sample is diluted with a xylene solution. The potassium contentof the sample is directly determine by flame atomic absorption spectoromery (Figure 1) at a wavelength of 766.5 nm with reference to a set of calibration solutions prepared from a potassium organolmetallic salt dissolved in a mixture of xylene and stabilizer. Main Research: Yung … Read more

The biodiesel sample is diluted with xylene solution. The sodium content in the sample is directly determine by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Figure 1) at the sample wavelength of 589 nm with reference to a set of calibration solutions prepared from a sodium organolmetallic salt dissolved in a mixture of xylene and stock oil. Main … Read more

Method 1: CaF2 Cell Beer’s Law The sample which has been diluted with cyclohexane is introduced into CaF2 (Figure 1) cell and the mid infraned absorption spectrum is recorded. The absorrbance of the typical absorption band for esters at about 1745 cm-1 is measured. The biodiesel content is then calculated with a calibration function produced … Read more

A sample is placed in a sample boat. The boat is then inserted into a high temperature combustion tube where the sulphur is oxidized to sulphur dioxide (SO2) in an oxygen-rich atmosphere. The sample combustion gases are next exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. The SO2 absorbs the energy from the UV light and is converted … Read more

The sample is heated at 80C in a hermetically sealed vial to allow desorption of the contained methanol into the gas phase. When equilibrium is reached, a defined part of the gas phase is injected into a gas chromatograph (Figure 1), and methanol is detected with a flame ionization detecor. The amount of methanol is … Read more

A 300 ml sample of biodiesel is stored at 4.4C for 16 hr, amn dthen allowed to warn up to 20C-22C. The sample is then vacuum-filtered through a single 0.7 um glass fibre filter at a cotrolled vacuum pressure of 21 to 25 in. of Hg below atmospheric pressure (Figure 1). The time for the … Read more

PAHs are environmental and food-borne contaminants. Edible oils and fats may be contaminated by environmental pollutants and during the processing steps of crude oils prior to refining. The presence of PAHs in facts and oils is a health concern due to the carcinogenicity of the PAHs. Different levels of PAHs have been observed in crude … Read more

Hebicides and insecticides are the main pesticides used in oil palm plantations. Being relatively cheap, herbicides such as diuron are oftem used to control broad-leaf weeds in oil palm plantations. However, the use of herbicides is always associated with the risk of food contamination. In order to monitor and minimize the risk of pesticide residues … Read more

Herbicides and insecticides are the main pesticides used in oil palm plantations. Being relatively cheap, insecticides such as ^-cyhalothin are often used to protect the oil palm against leaf-eating insects. However, insecticides may have adverse effects on the environment and human health, and the presence of insecticide residues in food and food ingredients is of … Read more