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Generally, there are three ways to make soap stock: 1) saponification of oils/ fats, 2) neutralization of fatty acids, and 3) saponification of fatty acid methyl esters. Route (2) is more widely used, being the simplest and fastest, while (3) produces the best quality product although at somewhat greater cost. A conventional clear bar soap … Read more

There are three main types of bar soaps – opaque, translucent and transparent. The latter two are becoming increasingly important and gaining market share. They have an aesthetic appeal and are much milder than opaque soaps. Between them, transparent soap is more popular and commercially more attractive to produce. Consumers associate transparency with purity and … Read more

Tocotrienol-enriched egg was developed at the Energy Protein Centre (EPC), MPOB in Keratong, Pahang. It was technically feasible to produce tocotrienol-enriched chicken eggs through feeding formulated feed with tocotrienolrich fraction (TRF) and/or MPOB-HIE. Tocotrienol and vitamin E enhanced oxidative stability and prevented off-fl avour in the eggs (Ajuyah et al., 1993). Vitamin E was demonstrated … Read more

Santan (coconut milk) is rich in fat and its consumption has been associated with increased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (LDL) and greater risk of arterial thrombosis due to its high contents of short chain saturated fatty acids such as lauric (C12:0) and myristic (C14:0). Therefore, the consumption of santan is discouraged. Palm-based santan has … Read more

Brick spread is widely used in the catering and retail sectors (Figure 1). The applications of this product are for spreading on bread and to stir fry vegetables, rice, seafood, meat and eggs. Brick spread replaces the function of butter in shallow frying application. Brick spread in shallow frying will act to transfer the buttery … Read more

Filled milk is a milk substitute made by combining non-dairy fats or oils with milk solids. It is used to replace fresh milk products in regions where there is inadequate storage facilities or where milk is little or not produced. The properties of reconstituted milk more closely resemble those of homogenized milk than whole milk. Much … Read more

A trans-free Soft Spread (TF Soft Spread) has been formulated (Figure 1). The margarine is consistent, yet soft and readily spreadable on bread from the refrigerator at 5°C-10°C. It also maintains its consistency even when left at room temperature (23°C-25°C) for up to 4 hr. There has been increasing demand for margarines with low saturates and trans … Read more

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are now largely banned in Malaysia. However, with their long persistence, their residues may still be in the environment and food chain. OCPs are lipid soluble and their determination in oil requires pre-extraction from the oil matrix followed by a clean-up procedure. The latter is to prevent deterioration of the column and … Read more

The pesticides used in oil palm plantations are mainly herbicides and insecticides. As insecticides are relatively cheap, they are freely used, like deltamethrin against leaf-eating insects. The insecticides may have adverse effects on the environment and human health, while their residues are a concern in food quality and safety. Reliable analytical methods for insecticide determination … Read more

The global market for cosmetics and toiletries ingredients was an estimated USD 14.7 billion in 2005, and is expected to grow 5% a year to 2010. The factors contributing to this steady growth are the improving global economy, particularly in developing countries, and the introduction of new consumer-friendly products. The majority of cosmetics and toiletries … Read more