Month: February 2020

Despite the possible occurrence of clonal abnormalities, the prospect of commercializing oil palm tissue culture is still attractive. The move towards commercial production will entail scaling up plantlet production. In such situation, culture inspection by visual means become impractical (Wooi, 1995). In addition, the handling of large numbers of cultures could lead to higher probability … Read more

Recycling of paper has been increasingly important primarily due to a number of factors such as (i) diminishing wood supply coupled with social concerns over deforestation (ii) environmental pollution, and (iii) greater global demand for paper. Basically, method for recycling waste paper can be classified into two types (1) to reuse waste paper after pulping … Read more

Most of the coating and plastic materials used in the food packaging are derived from petroleum and natural gas derivatives such as praffin wax, microcrystallin wax, polypropylene etc. These materials are non-renewable resources and with the rapid increase in the price of petroleum and natural gas, it may be necessary to take a new look at the … Read more

Margarine is a fatty food resembling butter in appearance, character and composition. It is used as a substitute for, or alternative to butter. It is an emulsion of a fatty phase (usually the continuous phase) and an aqueous phase. The fatty phase is a nature of vegetable and/or oils and fats. It contains sufficient solid … Read more

Chocolate is eaten simply because people pleasure in it. Through taste and texture there is probably no other product that gives so much enjoyment. Chocolate also makes a pleasant and acceptable gift to convey some element of feeling. Chocolates are usually formulated with cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, sugar and lecithin, and in the case of … Read more

Chocolate is eaten simply because people pleasure in it. Through taste and texture there is probably no other product that gives so much enjoyment. Chocolate also makes a pleasant and acceptable gift to convey some element of feeling. Chocolates are usually formulated with cocoa butter, cocoa liquor, sugar and lecithin, and in the case of … Read more

Processed cheese was invented around 1912-1913 when the Swiss and Germans made considerable efforts to export cheese to tropical countries. Processed cheese is made by blending natural cheese (young, mature or different types) in the presence of water, colouring matter, emulsifying salts and then heating and agitating to produce a homogeneous mixture. The cost of … Read more

Hand and body lotion or cream are cosmetic products applied topically on the skin to obtain one or all of the following desired effects: moisturizing, moisture-retaining, softening, and sun protecting. Lotion and cream are basically similar in terms of appearance and there is no clear distinction between the two, except viscosity. In general, lotion is expected to … Read more

By-products of the food and milling industries are mostly used as animal feeds and this is typically so with the case of palm kernel cake obtained from oil palm industry in Malaysia. Rubberseed cake can also be used as animal feed but due to the difficulty in collecting the seeds from the rubber estates, its … Read more

Hand and body lotion or cream are cosmetic products applied topically on the skin to obtain one or all of the following desired effects: moisturizing, moisture-retaining, softening, and sun protecting. Lotion and cream are basically similar in terms of appearance and there is no clear distinction between the two, except viscosity. In general, lotion is … Read more