Life cycle assessment (LCA) is the most holistic and comprehensive method which can be used in assessing the environmental burden and impact resulting from fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production. The system boundary was defined using a gate-to-gate approach, starting from land conversion, transplanting of seedlings into the plantation, right until FFB are delivered to the mills in a 25 year lifetime of the palm. An LCA study compiles an inventory of inflow (materials/resources and energy) and outflow (solid wastes, gaseous and liquid emission), evaluates the potential environment impacts associated with these flows and then interprets the results to make decisions for the improvement of environmental performance in the plantation.

Main Research: Zulkifli Hashim