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Microemulsions are normally isotropic (clear), have very small droplets (~8-100 nm), low in viscosity and thermodynamically stable solutions. In contrast, the ordinary emulsions are milky white dispersions with higher viscosity, with droplets of >0.5 µm and only kinetically stable. Thus, the unique properties of microemulsions have generated great interest for use in high value products. Microemulsions … Read more

The productivity of conventional cultures in liquid media is limited due to the size of fl asks or shakers used. The MPOB Fast Transfer Technique (MoFaTT) (Tarmizi and Zaiton, 2005) allows cultures in less than 300 ml working volume of medium while the Two-in-One MPOB Simple Impeller (2-in-1 MoSLIM) and Simple Impeller with Fast Transfer Technique … Read more

There are various strategies that plants use in response to water deficit, they include: (1) avoidance of damaging water deficits; (2) stress-tolerance adaptations that enable the plant to continue functioning in spite of plant water deficits; and (3) mechanisms that enable the plant to optimize the use of water for dry matter production (Clifton-Brown and … Read more

The demand for mutton in this country has increased from 9160 t in 1993 to 15 570 t in 2003. Unfortunately, the production is far short of demand, with self-sufficiency of only 7% in 1993 and 8.4% in 2003. Imports to make up the deficit were valued at close to RM 90 million in 2003. Most … Read more

Yellow sugar cane (Saccharum offi cinarum) (Figure 1) is the most common variety grown in Malaysia. The main product from it is the juice. The juice is squeezed from the stems and drink fresh, usually served cold. The juice is also canned and commonly sold in restaurants and retail outlets throughout the country. Yellow sugar cane … Read more