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Palm oil-based microemulsions are used as a basis for preparing aerosol insecticides against domestic insect pests. Palm-based solvents and blended emulsifiers are renewable resources, biodegradable, non-flammable, easy to handle, and cause less/no or minimum human health problems. Screening and partial ternary phase diagrams studies were carried out to determine suitable surfactant or mixed surfactants and/or … Read more

The systematic rotational grazing of cattle in oil palm plantations requires a minimum economic size of 100 cows in 400 ha (tot nO.96 and No.410). Thus, the technology is only suitable for estates. For smallholdings of 10 ha, an intensive management system is recommended. In an intensive cattle management system, cattle are stall-fed in the … Read more

Crude palm oil contains approximately 1% minor components: caratenoids, vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotri-enols), sterols, phospholipids, glycolipids, and other trace impurities. The most important are carotenoids and vitamin E, both of which possess important physiological properties. The orange red colour of crude palm oil is due to the presence of carotenoids with concentration ranging from … Read more

Basic milling technology related to crude dilution control has not made significant advances in the last 25 years. Currently, there are no reliable methods of maintaining the oil to crude palm oil ration and in actual practice most mills do not alter dilution control with widely fluctuating mill throughputs. Crude palm oil that is discharged … Read more

The milling process depends on good boiler operation to supply steam and power for the production of crude palm oil and palm kernel. Palm oil mill boilers produce 20 to 40 hr-1 steam for power generation as well as for process heating. The steam boiler operation requires proper boiler water treatment, regular water analysis and … Read more