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Methyl ester sulphonates (MES) are anionic surfactants that had been extensively studied and formulated since 1950. MES type of anionic surfactants are used as the primary surfactants in powder and liquid laundry detergents as well as in dish washing liquids. MES can be produced from palm methyl ester which is subjected to sulphonation, bleaching, neutralisation, … Read more

The poultry industry has contributed greatly to the agricultural sector, especially towards animal protein production. It contributes to the country’s economy and also to the well-being of the population. Feed cost is the most important factor for determining profitibility in the poultry industry as it accounts for 70% of the total cost of production. The … Read more

The use of oil palm biomass, in particular empty fruit bunch (EFB) as a source of renewable energy (RE) provides an alternative long-term approach in reducing dependency on fossil fuel and environmental impact. Raw EFB is abundant in palm oil mills. It is known for its high moisture content (>65%) and bulky, leading to low … Read more

A solvent-free glycerolysis process has been developed to convert free fatty acids (FFA) into neutral oil using fatty acids distillates from vegetable oil refinery. The process is a catalystfree reaction and able to achieve 98% conversion of FFA into neutral oil. The neutral oil produced can be transesterified into fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The … Read more

The importance of monitoring crude palm oil (CPO) quality cannot be overemphasised when we consider the fact that good-quality refined oils must be produced from high quality CPO. The trend to produce CPO with low (<1.5%) free fatty acid (FFA) has increased among the millers as it commands a premium price due to its hygienic … Read more