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In situ hybridization is a widely used method that permits the localization of target mRNAs in a preserved tissue section. Most in situ hybridization methods use either non-isotopic or isotopically labelled riboprobes. The use of digoxigenin (DIG) compound is popular in the former type of labeling. For this, hybridized DIG-labelled ripoprobes are normally detected with high affinity anti-digoxigenin … Read more

Molecular cytogenetics involves a combination of molecular biology and cytogenetics. In general, this involves the use of a series of techniques referred to as the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), in which DNA probes are labelled with differently coloured fluorescent tags to visualize one or more specific regions of the genome (Figure 1). The technology enables the … Read more

Genetic engineering has been identified as a promising technology to further enhance the value of oil palm via the production of high value traits. Similarly, value can be generated for other plant services to ensure that the transfer of foreign gene(s) has taken place. Among the services are gene/DNA delivery, promoter analysis, and transient and … Read more

Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is a white powder with high opacity, excellent whiteness, excellent covering power and resistance to colour change. These properties make it an excellent pigment for a broad range of applications – paints, plastic goods, inks and paper. In cosmetic and skin care products, TiO2 is used both as a pigment and thickener, … Read more

Most products are produced to satisfy consumer needs. For quality control, they are tested for their performance. Sometimes, their properties, e.g. viscosity and pH, are measured using various instruments. But, unfortunately, the perceived characteristics cannot be measured by any instrument, and sensory analysis has to be resorted to, instead. Products such as food, household chemicals, cosmetic … Read more