Mainline loading of oil palm fresh fruit bunches (FFB) is either done manually or mechanically. Methods currently practised by estates include:

• manual loading
• Net system loading (KULIM system)
• Platform ramp loading
• High-lift infield trailer loading
• Huka/Hook-lift concept loading

In some of these loading systems, for example manual, net and platform ramp loading, the FFB are handled many times and this increase the free fatty acid content of the oil.

Main Research: Ahmad Zamri