Fudge sauce is an ideal topping for ice cream and cold desserts (Figure 1). It is also used in bakeries and dairy industries for flavouring, dipping and also for inclusion in filling cream and chilled desserts such as yoghurt. Fudge sauce tastes like milk chocolate and is the second most popular topping after chocolate syrup (Schuman, […]

Malaysia exports various palm oil products with different fatty acid compositions. To ensure that the products are within the trade specifications, they have to be tested before export. Therefore, Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) of palm oil products are required to ensure that products meet the specifications. SRM is defined as a reference material, accompanied by […]

The field activities of transporting fresh fruit bunches (FFB) to roadside collecting points, spreading fertilizers and weedicide spraying can be mechanized to reduce the number of workers, increase worker productivity and the area covered. The normal method for transporting FFB is by wheelbarrow, controlling weeds by knapsack sprayer and applying fertilizer. These activities are hard […]

The physical characteristics of peat soil limits its mechanization.Anotherlimitation is the rising debris from the sinking of the soil. The protruding debris – old logs or T stumps – obstruct the movement of machines and may also damage the under-carriage. Thus, itis importantto consider seriously these limiting factors when introducing machines for peat areas. The […]

Basal stem rot (BSR), caused by the fungus Ganoderma, is the most serious disease of oil palm in Malaysia and Indonesia. Previously, research on BSR was hampered by the failure to artificially infect oil palm with the fungus. Although Ganoderma had been associated with BSR (Thompson, 1931), proof of its pathogenicity to satisfy Koch’s postulate […]