Haploids are individuals with gametic chromosome number (n) or having a single set of chromosomes. Knowledge of the haploid number is useful in breeding and genetic studies. Haploids are used to produce double haploids (2n) where the chromosom number is doubled using chemicals. Chemicals such as colchicine or oryzalin interfere with tubulin formation during mitosis. […]

Several researchers have reported the importance of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon per nitrogen ratios (C/N) in microbial cultures. These information are useful in understanding the metabolism of microbes and may be used to select the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources for cultivation. In wastewater and stream water, […]

The compund 1,4-dioxane can be formed as a by-product during the polymerisation of ethylene oxide (EO) to produce a polyethoxylate surfactant such as fatty alcohol ethoxylates (FAEO) and polysorbates, as a result of the combination and rearrangement of EO. Polyethoxylated raw materials are widely used in cosmetic and personal care (CPC) products as surfactants, emulsifiers, […]

The use of pesticides in agriculture has resulted resulted in the growing concern on the presence and danger of residues in the environment. One of these is fungicide benomyl. Benomyl is an accepted common name for methl N-(1-butylcarbamoyl) henzimidazol-2-yl carbamate, a systematic fungicide used to control a wide range of fungal diseases of fruits, nuts, […]

Insecticides are used in the oil palm plantation to control insect pests. Insecticides such as cypermethrin are commonly used to treat bagworms, nettle caterpillars and rhinoceros beetles. The used of pesticides in oil palm plantations has resulted in the growing concern of the presence and danger of the residues in the environment. A method has […]