Skin is the largest organ of the human body. It is our first line of defense against external dirt, infections and other irritants that could potentially affect our health. Barrier protective products have been developed for skin protection that can ward off external harmful elements, which can penetrate the epidermis and cause untold damage to […]

Soap is the product of the reaction between a fatty acid and an alkali. Fatty acids are obtained from the triglycerides (fats and oils) of either animal or plant origin such as palm oil. There are three ways to make soap: saponification of oils/fats; neutralisation of fatty acids; and saponification of methyl esters of fatty […]

In 2010, about 13.1 million tonnes of surfactants were used globally, where 56% were anionic surfactants. Almost 49% of the surfactant produced was used in the household product category. Sulphonation plants which mainly produce anionic surfactants are scattered around the globe with capacities varying from 3000 to 50 000 t yr-1. It is estimated that […]

An artificial or synthetic seed (SS) is defined as a somatic (SE) or other selected tissue within a coating of a specific material, resembling a zygotic seed. The synthetic coating serves as an endosperm, consisting of among others, carbon sources, nutrients, growth hormones and anti-microbial agents. The synthetic coating and the embryo seed may be […]